Primary Sources

Acts and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina, Passed at the

Regular Sessions of 1864-65. http://www.carolana.com/SC/Legislators/Documents/Acts_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_State_of_South_Carolina_1864_1865.pdf

Acts and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina Passed at the

Special Session of 1873 and Regular Session of 1873-1874. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/iau.31858020992834.

Acts and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina, Passed at the

Regular Session of 1875-1876. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/iau.31858020992818.

Acts and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina, Passed at the

Extra Session of 1877. http://www.carolana.com/SC/Legislators/Documents/Acts_and_Joint_Resolutions_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_State_of_South_Carolina_1877_Extra_Session.pdf

Acts and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina Passed at the

Regular Session of 1877-1878. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/iau.31858020992800.

Acts and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina, Passed at the

Regular Session of 1878. http://www.carolana.com/SC/Legislators/Documents/Acts_and_Joint_Resolutions_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_State_of_South_Carolina_1878.pdf

Acts and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina, Passed at the

Regular Session of 1879 and Extra Session of 1880. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/iau.31858020992792

Acts of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina, Passed at the Extra Session which

was begun and held at the City of Columbia on the Tenth Day of February, A. D. 1880, and was adjourned without day on the Twentieth Day of February, A. D. 1880. http://www.carolana.com/SC/Legislators/Documents/Acts_and_Joint_Resolutions_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_State_of_South_Carolina_1880_Extra.pdf

Acts and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina, Passed at the

Regular Session of 1880. http://www.carolana.com/SC/Legislators/Documents/Acts_and_Joint_Resolutions_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_State_of_South_Carolina_1880.pdf

Keeler, Clarissa Olds. The Crime of Crimes, or The Convict System Unmasked. Washington,

D.C: Pentecostal Era Company, 1907.https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112100027660.

Oliphant, Albert D. The Evolution of the Penal System of South Carolina from 1866 to 1916.

Columbia, S.C: The State Company, 1916. Print.

https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044032134306

 

Secondary Sources

Blackmon, Douglas A., Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from

the Civil War to World War II. New York: Doubleday, 2008.

Brundage, Fitzhugh. “How the South Reinstated Slavery After Emancipation.” The Journal of

Blacks in Higher Education, no. 60 (2008): 86-88. Accessed March 14, 2018. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40407193.

Duncan, Andrew James Sean. “Honorable and Successful Convict Leasing in South Carolina,

1877-1902.” PhD diss. University of South Carolina, 2004.

Fraser, Steve and Joshua B. Freeman. "In the Rearview Mirror: Barbarism and Progress: The

Story of Convict Labor.” New Labor Forum 21, no. 3 (2012): 94-98. Accessed March 14, 2018. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43681907.

Gyasi, Yaa. “H.” in Homegoing. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016.

LeFlouria, Talitha L. Chained in Silence: Black Women and Convict Labor in the New South.

Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2015.

Lichtenstein, Alex. Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the

New South. London: Verso, 1996.

Mancini, Matthew J., One Dies, Get Another: Convict Leasing in the American South, 1866-1928.

Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1996.  

Megginson, W.J., African American Life in South Carolina’s Upper Piedmont 1780-1900.

Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 2006.

Pollard, Sam, Sheila Curran Bernard, Laurence Fishburne, Jason L. Pollard, Andrew Young,

Michael Bacon, and Douglas A. Blackmon. Slavery by Another Name. DVD. Directed by Sam Pollard. 2012. PBS Distribution, Accessed March 10, 2018.

Reel, Jerome V. The High Seminary: A History of the Clemson Agricultural College of South

Carolina, 1889-1964. Vol. 1. Clemson: Clemson University Press, 2011.

 

Libraries, Clemson, SC.

Patrick H. Mell Correspondence, Series 18, Special Collections Library, Clemson University

Libraries, Clemson, SC.

Walter Merrit Riggs Presidential Records, Series 17, Special Collections Library, Clemson

University Libraries, Clemson, SC.

 

Further Research (Items Not Deeply Explored, Yet Valuable to the Research of this Topic)

Brailsford, Daniel T. “The Historical Background and Present Status of the County Chain Gang

in South Carolina.” South Carolina Law Review, 21, no. 1 (1969): 53-69. Accessed October 14, 2020. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/sclr/vol21/iss1/6.

Goodman, Byne Frances. “The Black Codes, 1865-1867.” Thesis (University of Illinois, 1912).

https://archive.org/details/blackcodes18651800good.

Hart, Albert Bushnell. The Southern South. New York and London: D. Appleton And Company,

1910.

Hart, Hastings H. “Prison Conditions in the South.” American Correctional Association,

Proceedings of the Annual Congress of the Prison Association. Indianapolis: WM.B. Burford, Printer, 1919. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.35112100341314.

Pressley, Benjamin C. The Law of Magistrates and Constables, in the State of South Carolina.

Charleston: Walker & Burke, 1848. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433075955082.

Tillman, B.R. “Inaugural Address of Bill Tillman, Governor of South Carolina.” Speech,

Columbia, SC, December 4, 1890.

Trinkley, Michael and Debi Hacker, The Penitentiary Cemetery, Columbia, South Carolina.

Columbia: Chicora Foundation, Inc., 2009. https://www.chicora.org/pdfs/RC509.pdf.

Everyhope-Roser, Jemma. “Convict Labor: How rented convicts helped construct a campus and

a region.” Glimpse, Fall, 2014. http://glimpse.clemson.edu/convict-labor/.

Wilson, Walter. Forced Labor in the United States. New York: International Publishers, 1933.

https://archive.org/details/forcedlaborinuni00wilsrich.

Thomas, Rhondda Thomas. “Reconstruction, Public Memory, and the Making of Clemson

University on John C. Calhoun’s Fort Hill Plantation.” American Literary History 30, no. 3 (2018): 584-607. Accessed October 14, 2020. doi:10.1093/alh/ajy024.

Thomas, Rhondda Robinson. “Call My Name: Using Biographical Storytelling to

Reconceptualize the History of African Americans at Clemson University.” Project Muse 42, no. 3 (2019): 624-652. Accessed October 14, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1353/bio.2019.0063.